Technical Assistance Center for
Water Quality
Technical Assistance Center for |
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***Back to the Mission Statement Page*** Technical Assistance Center Progress Reports:
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| Level I | Caneyville Area | Auburn Area | Caneyville and Auburn Totals |
| Urban and built up | 0.14 mi2 | 1.02 mi2 | 1.16 mi2 |
| Agricultural | 3.18 mi2 | 9.18 mi2 | 12.36 mi2 |
| Rangeland | 0.01 mi2 | 0.06 mi2 | 0.07 mi2 |
| Forestland | 3.16 mi2 | 1.81 mi2 | 4.97 mi2 |
| Water | 0.14 mi2 | 0.09 mi2 | 0.23 mi2 |
| Caneyville and Auburn Totals | 6.63 mi2 | 12.16 mi2 | 18.79 mi2 |
Using Stream Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water Quality (Dr. Scott Grubbs)
The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) first, continue work on creating a protocol for (a) an assessment of stream habitat, (b) collection and laboratory processing of macroinvertebrate samples, and (c) an assessment of stream health using measurements of stream habitat and macroinvertebrate structure and function. A working draft of the protocol, focusing on sampling and analysis techniques for surface water habitats, is completed. This protocol will undergo a series of revisions as macroinvertebrate sampling is conducted from each locality. Local conditions (i.e., meso-habitat availability, season, physical nature of stream bed) dictate the need for specializing a protocol to fit the biological and physical nature of the local and/or regional stream structure. A "virtual" protocol as an HTML and/or PDF document (as described above) is nearing completion with the aid of Mr. Brian Rix (WKU undergraduate student). This document has been reviewed and alterations will be made following testing of all collecting and analysis methods during the third quarter 2000; 2) second, to begin a first round of habitat and macroinvertebrate analyses of no less than five karst sites and no less than two non-karst sites throughout western Kentucky. Macroinvertebrate sampling has been conducted from the following localities (Table 2):
Table 2. Macroinvertebrate Sampling Summary
| SAMPLING LOCALITY | DATE SAMPLED | SPECIFIC LOCALITY | HABITATS SAMPLED |
SAMPLES ANALYZED |
| Auburn | 26 Feb. 2000 | Small stream immediately below "Blue Hole Spring" (= water intake) |
Riffle Depositional |
Incomplete |
| Guthrie | 26 Feb. 2000 | Small stream immediately below artificial impoundment (= water intake) |
Riffle Depositional Wood |
Incomplete |
| Cadiz | 05 Mar. 2000 | Small stream immediately below concrete cistern (= water intake) |
Riffle Depositional Wood |
Incomplete |
| Marion | 05 Mar. 2000 | Outlet of upper lake (= Lake George) |
Riffle | Incomplete |
Preliminary Data Results:
Completed evaluations are not available in the second quarter concerning habitat analyses or macroinvertebrate assessment. As indicated previously, macroinvertebrate samples from four sites have been obtained and are in the process of being assessed.
Anticipated Activities:
Sampling dates for fiscal year two were selected during summer 1999 according to predicted periods of surface water flow. Two rounds of sampling have been scheduled to include both early/mid-February and early/mid-April. Due to the aforementioned drought in Kentucky, the sampling dates have been modified: round one: late February to late March; round two: May/June. Round one of sampling has been completed for Auburn, Guthrie, Cadiz, and Marion. Round one of sampling will soon be completed for Caneyville as well. Round two of sampling and habitat analyses needs to be completed for all sites by the middle of July. By the end of the third quarter of Fiscal Year 1999-2000, it is anticipated that macroinvertebrates from all sites will be identified. These data will be used to construct a preliminary site characterization describing both habitat structure and macroinvertebrate community structure. Prior to any anticipated remediation event or BMP implementation, the macroinvertebrate and habitat assessments will serve as baseline data.
Trihalomethane Project (Dr. Jeffrey Jack, University of Louisville)
The basin wide stream sampling program for the fall/winter of 1999/2000 has been completed. GIS coverages with metadata were generated for the stream sites. The metafiles are not complete as of March 31, 2000. The GIS files will be forwarded to the data manager (Task 4) as soon as the metadata is complete. We have also completed the laboratory analysis for the water chemistry parameters from these streams (Appendix B-1). The water chemistry data parameters collected were used to physiochemically characterize the streams we sampled. The production of THMs is most closely linked to DOC levels, but DOC can be indirectly affected by nutrient conditions in the streams (via limits on primary production, etc.) These data were used to establish baselines in the streams.
We conducted a second multi-watershed survey assessing THM levels in the Ohio River and its major tributaries in Kentucky and Indiana, all of which serve as drinking water supplies. The Ogden Water Quality Laboratory is still analyzing the THM data from this survey. The Environmental Analysis Laboratory in Louisville is analyzing water quality parameters at the University of Louisville.
We have continued monthly sampling protocol at one reservoir in the Salt River watershed, Taylorsville Lake. We sampled the lake at its inflow and outflow and also at two depths, epilimnetic and hypolimnetic, in the lake proper. We have reduced sampling to three points in the reservoir after stratification broke down in November. We expect to increase sampling to multiple points in the reservoir in April of this year, concomitant with stratification. Data from this survey are included in Appendix B-2. The chemistry parameters measured were the ones most closely associated with THM production. These data will be used in the construction and testing of the THM model.
Other Activities
Marion Atrazine Work Group: Members of the Task 3 Best Management Practices Study met with the Kentucky Department of Agriculture, Division of Pesticides, Division of Water (representatives from both Groundwater and Drinking Water Branches), the Kentucky Rural Water Association, and the USGS in Frankfort, Kentucky on March 30, 2000. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss and coordinate strategies for remediating the persistent Atrazine contamination at the Marion, Kentucky field site. Data was exchanged between the various agencies, and possible causes of this contamination were discussed. An informal presentation by the USGS showed that annual yields of atrazine (measured as grams/acre over an entire watershed) were as much as two orders of magnitude higher in portions of the Ohio River Basin (including all of Kentucky, Northern Tennessee, Southern Illinois, Southern Indiana, and Southern Ohio) than they were anywhere else in the country. There was a general consensus among those who attended the meeting that the situation in Marion may be much more complex than was originally suspected. Some possible sources of atrazine contamination that were suggested were illegal disposal of chemicals and/or containers, adsorption and subsequent desorption from sediments in the field, and groundwater contamination. This discussion was largely academic, however, and until the actual source(s) of the atrazine contamination are pinpointed, any efforts to remediate the problem will most likely be inadequate. A more in-depth study of the Marion site and the contextual behavior of atrazine at the site will most likely be necessary.
B. Difficulties encountered
The Best Management Practices Study had no significant difficulties in the second quarter.Monthly sampling crews have faced equipment malfunction as a result of freezing weather and high-water flow conditions, but in-place contingency plans have allowed for successful completion of all sampling rounds.
The THM study continued to have problems in shipping samples to the Ogden Environmental Lab at WKU, primarily with bottles that are breaking during shipping. They are re-evaluating the approach to this and may decide to run the THM samples themselves in the future. This will give the THM study a lot more flexibility for planning experiments and will also circumvent some of the holding time problems faced.
Dr. Jeff Jack, THM project leader, has also discussed the likelihood of budget cuts to this project for next year with Task 3 manager, Dr. Chris Groves. Because of these expected reductions, sampling efforts have been reduced in the streams to focus on the large river and reservoir work. Since large river and reservoir systems are likely to have a broader impact on public water supplies, the THM group has decided to focus our limited resources on these areas. These surveys will continue throughout the rest of this year and will be formally re-evaluated in July 2000.
C. Preliminary Data Results
Best Management Practices Study
Higher than expected levels of pesticides in several of the study sites led the BMP study group to begin examining the pesticides metribuzin, trifluralin, atrazine, and simazine. Fact sheets are included for these pesticides in Appendix B-3. Raw pesticides data collected from the sites are presented in Appendix B-4.
A water quality sampling round was conducted to characterize each of the sites during high-flow conditions. This is referred to as the “wet characterization” in the project work plan. The results are presented in Appendix B-5.
Water quality sampling has been occurring on an 28-day cycle. The results are presented in Appendix B-6.
Analysis of public water supply waters for inorganic and organic chemical parameters will provide characterization for the selected sites in Kentucky during both wet and dry periods. These chemical data will provide information on concentration variation due to seasonal climatic variations as well as anthropogenic input variances such as application of agricultural pesticides. Additionally, these data will aid in identifying problem areas that will certainly warrant more specialized study such as with metals or atrazine.
II. Discussion of Expenditures
Expenditures for Task 3 from 10/01/99 to 03/31/00 are $34,173.63. Expenditures during the second quarter of the second year totaled $3,185.08 from the year 1 budget and $16,708.94 from the year 2 budget.
Task 3 expenditures are on schedule. The combined equipment and personnel costs for the first two quarters have expended or encumbered 58.1% of the $135,355.00 budget. $60,638.03 (44.8%) of this amount has been spent for the Trihalomethanes study emphasis under Dr. Jeffrey Jack at the University of Louisville.
Trihalomethane Study Expenditures ($60,638.03 subcontract):
Compared to our milestones, we are one month behind schedule because of the loss of the December 1999 data. We have expended or encumbered roughly 40% of our budget for the year, so we are on track financially. We expect a considerable increase in expenses over the next quarter because of the increased number of samples that will be collected during the “growing season.” We should be able to finish the first year of this project on budget. There are no discrepancies to report.
III. Changes in Key Personnel
THM Study Major Waltman has completed his work on the project and is now off the project. Rich Koch, Debbie Guelda and Tim Sellers are now in charge of the river survey. They are not receiving any salary support but they are getting travel and supply support from the project. Water quality parameters are presently being run in the Environmental Analysis Laboratory (EAL) at the University of Louisville under the direction of Mr. Richard Schulze.
There are no other key personnel changes to report in Task 3.
I. Work Status
It is the responsibility of Task 4, Database Management and Information Tools, to provide appropriate methods and structures for reporting data and metadata to meet the needs of: (1) facilitating efficient and convenient reporting of information by all other Tasks, (2) appropriate capture and storage of data and metadata by the DBMS, and (3) accessible retrieval of information and materials by end users along with ancillary information required for interpretation. The Information Tools function of our Task works to put technology, information, and the tools to create information capacity and capability directly into the hands of water providers, and to make that technology and information as accessible as possible.
A. Work progress.
Efforts by Task 4 this quarter were focused in five areas: (1) ongoing website development as a tool for providing information to water systems; (2) development of software and information tools for the direct use of water providers themselves; (3) expanding our information services to those states in EPA Region 4 beyond Kentucky; (4) ongoing construction and maintenance of the project database; and (5) reconstruction and refurbishing of donated, retired computers for use by water systems in need.1) Ongoing website development and communication. We are continuing our offline renovation of the website in order to simplify navigation and make every section of the site more accessible. This reorganization is essential in order to efficiently deliver the rapidly growing sources of new information, software, maps, tools, documents, and links that we are developing and collecting.
2) Development of software and information tools for direct use. During this past quarter we have essentially completed the development of a computer software program for the use of small water systems in filing Monthly Operating Reports, and we are now proceeding with the final stages of debugging and refinement. The program, MOR Advisor, was constructed by Mr. Seth Johnson in the language Java to allow for both lean programming and a good graphical user interface. Further, the Java runtime utility required by the program is available for free, just as our software itself will be. We will therefore be able to efficiently provide a completely free package that does not require either pre-existing software or a particular operating system. Much additional effort has been expended to make the program function well even on machines with limited computing power.
Our first demonstration of the MOR Advisor software and of rehabilitated computers was held at a Kentucky Rural Water Association (KRWA) meeting on 1 February 2000. We have been working with KRWA staff members as a source of ongoing feedback during development, especially Mr. Dell Harris and Mr. Scott Wallace, since KRWA circuit riders will be performing much of the initial introduction of this software to the small rural water systems served by the Technical Assistance Center for Water Quality (TACWQ).
More detailed information about the program, including screen views of the user interface and the software program in operation, as well as examples of printouts of Monthly Operating Report pages from MOR Advisor, is included in Appendix C.
3) Expanding data gathering and information services to other states. It is part of our mission in the second year of EPA funding to expand our technical assistance services to the rest of the southeastern U.S. In our last quarterly report we included maps we generated showing, on a county by county basis, patterns of MCL violations by drinking water systems for states in this region from 1996 through 1998. We have invested significant effort this quarter in obtaining and verifying locational data for individual water systems so that compliance problems can be examined by watershed levels. The goal here is to identify large-scale patterns in water quality problems for the southeastern U.S. so that the solutions to these problems may be efficiently targeted.
Three members of our group received additional ArcView GIS training at the University of Kentucky in Lexington on 19-20 January 2000. This training was offered by Dr. Dan Carey as a service of the Kentucky Geological Survey for the cost of books alone.
The activities and status of current GIS tasks within Task 3 of the TACWQ is as follows:
4) Development of project database. Microsoft SQL Server is being used to house and query the databases we have begun to accumulate. Metadata is being constructed for the GIS maps we are producing. We have made additional progress toward a final definition of the project's database structure, but are awaiting the receipt of critical information from Task 3 in order to complete the structure of a database that will house the data they are collecting. Selected data from the EPA SDWIS database have been acquired and queried in conjunction with our efforts to clarify and resolve patterns of water quality problems experienced by small water systems.
5) Rehabilitation of retired computers for use by water systems. We have nearly completed our first effort to resurrect old computers donated from departments within WKU. Nine machines have been outfitted with a Linux operating system and StarOffice, a set of Windows-like word processing and spreadsheet programs. The operating system and software have the advantage of being free for distribution, so neither the TACWQ nor the water systems will have to pay for software licenses. Each machine has also been outfitted with a new, efficient modem, a template for creating Consumer Confidence Reports, and will be given a copy of MOR Advisor, the software we have in-house for Monthly Operating Reports. The machines and software will all be provided free of charge to small water systems. KRWA has agreed to conduct selection of eligible and needy water systems and initial training of water system personnel that may receive these computers on a long-term loan basis. Applications have already been received from nine qualifying small water systems that are in need of these computers. This effort was initiated in order to provide small water companies with the electronic tools they need to operate their companies, access regulatory information, and prepare MORs electronically. We are also working with the state Division of Water so that water systems will be able to submit their reports electronically as well in the future.
B. Difficulties encountered.
No unanticipated difficulties have been encountered.
C. Preliminary data results.
See Work Progress above.
D. Anticipated activities.
Web site renovation will be a major effort next quarter as we strive to maximize its accessibility and utility for all users. We look forward to publicizing the availability of the free MOR Advisor software for distribution during the next quarter. Work will continue in our data gathering and information harvesting, with GIS as a primary mode of analysis and display of information. Ongoing development and maintenance of the structure and content of the project database will also continue. In the next quarter we will distribute rehabilitated computers for long-term loan to the small rural water systems that have applied for them. We shall also continue to respond to requests by water systems and the public for data and information on an ongoing basis.
II. Discussion of Expenditures
Task 4 efforts and expenditures are on track. Total expenditures from 10/01/99 to 03/31/00 for Task 4 are $98,722.45. During the second quarter of the second year, expenditures were $31,147.42 from the first year budget and $16,708.94 from the second year budget.
III. Key Personnel Changes
There have been no changes in key personnel within Task 4 during this quarter. Dr. Ouida Meier continues to direct the efforts of Task 4. We are very fortunate in having a team of three bright, talented undergraduate students who are currently assisting with the work in Task 4 creatively and capably: Mr. Seth M. Johnson, Computer Programmer, Mr. Shane Fryer, GIS specialist, and Mr. Dave McCauley, Linux specialist. The Center is very grateful for their dedicated and skillful efforts.
I. Work Status:
The objectives of Task 5 are being fulfilled under three main initiatives:
A. Work Progress
1. Pilot Studies. During this second quarter, no pilots were visited.
2. FTO Certification. An effort was made this quarter to locate a public water supply in Kentucky to demonstrate a biological denitrification process in conjunction with Montana State. A preproposal was submitted to Montana State for funding; but because Kentucky waters do not have nitrates above the MCL, any nitrate would require spiking. Due to these reasons, no water utility in Kentucky has shown an interest in purchasing the process from a vendor, and it was decided not to pilot in Kentucky.
3. Sanitary Survey Self Assessment Field Guide. The Sanitary Survey Self Assessment Field Guide and Form for Ground Water is complete. EPA and the Kentucky DOW are reviewing these documents. The Sanitary Survey Self Assessment Field Guide and Form for Surface Water is approximately 50% complete and will be completed as time permits.
B. Difficulties Encountered
The only difficulty encountered this quarter has been in locating a site to pilot the Biological Denitrification of drinking water in Kentucky.
C. Preliminary Data Results
The Spatial Data Integration pilot at the Lake Village Water Association is continuing to produce promising results. SDI is continuing to improve the Geographic Information Systems test product, and Mr. Mike Royalty of LVWA reports that the GIS is useful to him every day.
D. Anticipated Activities
TACWQ is planning to sponsor a seminar along with the Kentucky Division of Water, the Tennessee Division of Water Supply, KRWA, and the Kentucky/Tennessee Section of the American Water Works Association. This Conference is planned for May 24 - 26, 2000 and is designed to provide technical, financial and managerial capacity to those in attendance. A representative of the Small Systems Coordinator, OGWDW, EPA will speak at this seminar.
II. Discussion of Expenditures:
Expenditures for Task 5 from 10/01/99 to 03/31/00 are $13,143.25. During the second quarter of the second year, expenses for Task 5 were $3,887.47.
III. Key Personnel Changes:
There were no personnel changes during this period.
These Appendixies and figures are availbable in hard copy format, if you need any of these please contact us.
Pesticide Factsheets:
Metribuzin, Trifluralin, Atrazine, and Simazine
Metribuzin Metribuzin is a selective triazine herbicide, which inhibits photosynthesis of susceptible plant species. It is primarily used for control of annual grasses and numerous broadleaf weeds in field and vegetable crops. Metribuzin is available as liquid suspension, water dispersible granular, and dry flowable formulations.
The U.S. EPA classifies Metribuzin as a slightly toxic compound, in toxicity class III. Metribuzin is slightly toxic to small animals (via oral ingestion). Studies indicate that metribuzin is moderately to slightly toxic to birds and fish. Laboratory studies have indicated there were no carcinogenic or mutagenic effects in rats receiving dietary doses of up to 15 mg/kg/day for 2 years.
Metribuzin is considered to have a moderate persistence in the soil environment. The actual half-life of metribuzin varies according to soil type and climatic conditions. Soils half-lives of 30 to 120 days have been reported; a representative value may be approximately 60 days.
Metribuzin is poorly bound to most soils and is soluble in water, giving it a potential for leaching in many soil types. Soil mobility is affected by many site-specific variables, including the amount of soil organic matter, particle size distribution, porosity, rainfall, and application rates. The major mechanism by which metribuzin is lost from soil is microbial degradation. Losses due to volatilization or photodegradation are not significant under field conditions.
If present, metribuzin would most likely be found in the water column rather than the sediment, due to its low binding affinity and high water solubility. Metribuzin has been detected consistently in the Ohio and Iowa Rivers and groundwater. However, it is not thought to be persistent since the half-life of metribuzin in the open is thought to be approximately seven days. No data concerning metribuzin’s persistence in groundwater could be located.
Trifluralin Trifluralin is a selective, preemergence dinitroaniline herbicide used to control many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in a large variety of tree fruit, nut, vegetable, and grain crops. This type of herbicide is typically applied before weed seedlings sprout. Trifluralin works by inhibiting the growth of roots and shoots when newly germinated weed seedlings absorb it. Trifluralin should be incorporated into the soil by mechanical means within 24 hours of application.
Pesticide products containing trifluralin may be moderately toxic to relatively non-toxic, depending on the type of formulation. Trifluralin is not acutely toxic to test animals by oral, dermal or inhalation routes of exposure.
In August, 1979, trifluralin was brought under Special Review by the EPA because of the presence of an N-nitrosamine contaminant, which had been shown to cause tumors and to have mutagenic effects in animals. The principle manufacturer of trifluralin had already instituted manufacturing methods to reduce N-nitrosamine contaminant levels. The Special Review was concluded in 1982, with the requirement that N-nitrosamine contaminant levels in trifluralin not exceed 0.5 ppm, a level that the EPA believes will have no toxic effects. However, consumption of trifluralin at high levels well above the LHA level over a long period of time has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage, decreased fetal weight and size, and increased miscarriages in animal studies.
The EPA has established a Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) level of 5 micrograms per liter (ug/l) for trifluralin in drinking water (US Environmental Protection Agency. Jan.,1989). Health Advisory Summary: Trifluralin. US EPA, Washington, DC). This means that EPA believes that water containing trifluralin at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns. EPA considers trifluralin to be a possible human carcinogen. Consumption of trifluralin at high levels well above the EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory level for drinking water (5 ug/l) over a long period of time has also been shown to cause liver and kidney damage, in animal studies.
Trifluralin is not hazardous to birds, but is toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. However, its strong adsorption to soil and the usual practice of incorporating trifluralin into the soil at the time of application may prevent exposure of aquatic organisms to this herbicide. Run-off from fields should be avoided as contamination of lakes and streams could result. At exposure levels well above permissible application rates (100 ppm), trifluralin has also been shown to be toxic to earthworms.
Trifluralin is strongly adsorbed on soils (Koc = 7,000 g/ml) and nearly insoluble in water. Therefore, trifluralin is not considered to be a threat to leach into groundwater and contaminate aquifers. Because adsorption is highest in soils high in organic matter or clay content and adsorbed herbicide is inactive, higher application rates may be required for effective weed control on such soils.
Trifluralin is subject to degradation by soil microorganisms. Trifluralin remaining on the soil surface after application may be decomposed by UV light or may volatilize. The half-life of trifluralin in the soil is 45 to 60 days or about 6-8 months (at a 2.5 kg/ha application). After a period of six months to one year, 80- 90% of its activity will be gone. Recommended application rates can give season-long weed control, but fall-seeded grain crops planted in soil treated with trifluralin during the preceding spring were not injured under warm, moist conditions.
Atrazine Atrazine is a triazine herbicide used primarily for control of broadleaf and grassy weeds in soybeans and corn. Atrazine is one of the most commonly used herbicides in the United States. A USGS study of 122 river basins in the Midwest found atrazine above the MCL in 27 percent of raw water samples. Atrazine is available in both granular and liquid form.
Effects of acute exposures to atrazine include congestion of the heart, lungs, and kidneys, hypotension, antidiuresis, muscle spasms, weight loss, and adrenal degeneration. The EPA considers a one to ten day exposure of 0.1 mg/L or a seven year exposure of 0.05 mg/L to be safe for a 10-kg child consuming one liter of water per day. Chronic exposure to atrazine above the MCL may cause weight loss, retinal and muscular degeneration, cardial damage, and mammary cancer. Atrazine has been identified as a potential carcinogen for those with a lifetime exposure above the MCL.
Photodegradation and volatilization do not appear to be major factors in the fate of atrazine. Microbial activity appears to account for significant degradation of atrazine in soils.
Atrazine has an average Koc of 122, indicating medium to high mobility in soils. However, atrazine has the capacity to adsorb to colloidal materials, such as clays, metal oxides, and organic detritus, which can be found in the water column. Typically, leaching and downward infiltration of atrazine is limited by adsorption to these colloids, however, in soils with small amounts of colloidal material this may not be the case. It is also important to note that adsorption is not permanent. Fluctuations in temperature, pH, and moisture can influence the direction of the adsorption-desorption reaction.
Simazine Simazine is a triazine herbicide used for pre-emergent control of broad-leaved and grassy weeds in corn and other row crops as well as in non-crop areas such as farm ponds and hatcheries. It is often used in combination with other herbicides including atrazine, Roundup, and paraquat.
Acute exposure to simazine may cause blood changes and weight loss. Chronic exposure at levels above the MCL may cause tremors, damage to the testes, liver, and thyroid, and gene mutations. There is evidence that chronic exposure to simazine may cause cancer. The EPA considers short-term exposures of up to seven years at a concentration of up to 0.07 mg/L safe for a 10-kg child consuming one liter of water per day.
Adsorption and volatilization are not considered important in the fate of simazine under field conditions. Simazine can persist as long as three years under aquatic field conditions. Persistence in aquatic environments is variable, ranging from 50 to 700 days. The severity of weed and/or algal infestation appears to be the major factor in the persistence of this herbicide. Microbial activity and hydrolysis both contribute to degradation, however, certain catalysts such as glucose must be present for hydrolysis to occur.
Simazine has a low potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.
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